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1. According to IOM estimates, how many people die each year as a result of medication errors in the United States?

A. 7000 B. 98,000 C. 1.5 million D. 3.5 billion

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding medication errors?

A. Medication errors are usually the fault of a single individual or event B. Medication errors can occur at any stage of the medication-use process C. Medication errors only occur while a medication is in the control of a health care professional D. All of the above

3. Which of the following strategies strengthens the findings and recommendations of a root cause analysis?

A. Implementing additional education for health care professionals after an error has occurred B. Gathering knowledge only from the individuals directly involved in a safety-related incident C. Excluding human factors from the investigation D. Supporting workplace transparency and learning across the organization

4. Which of the following pairs of statements is true regarding root cause analysis (RCA) and failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)?

A. RCA is a proactive approach to risk reduction and FMEA is a reactive approach to risk reduction B. RCA identifies sources of potential failure and FMEA identifies where processes have failed in the past C. RCA is conducted after an error occurs and FMEA can be conducted before a process is implemented D. RCA is a quantitative assessment of the severity, likelihood, and detectability of an error and FMEA is a qualitative assessment of latent system weaknesses

5. Which of the following steps is essential to the application of an FMEA?

A. Assembly of an appropriate team B. Develop a process map C. Conduct a risk or hazard analysis for each process and subprocess D. Develop an action plan and follow up on the actions taken E. All of the above

6. Which process would be identified as most in need of change on the basis of its criticality index (CI)?

A. A process with a likelihood rank of 7, a severity rank of 3, and a detectability rank of 4 B. A process with a likelihood rank of 3, a severity rank of 2, and a detectability rank of 1 C. A process with a likelihood rank of 8, a severity rank of 5, and a detectability rank of 3 D. A process with a likelihood rank of 2, a severity rank of 3, and a detectability rank of 2

7. Which of the following strategies has not been shown to reduce rates of mediation errors?

A. False-positive safety alerts B. Barcode-assisted medication administration C. Computerized order entry D. Decision-support software

8. A multidisciplinary approach to health care and patient safety has led to which of the following outcomes?

A. Decreased adverse events B. Lost productivity in the health care system C. Reduced medication use D. Expanded patient safety training in professional education

9. Which of the following is a common cause of medication errors?

A. Using tall-man lettering to differentiate look-alike sound-alike products B. Storing high-risk medications separate from standard drug stock C. Using abbreviations to communicate instructions for medication use D. Allowing patients to review their medical records

10. Which is true of a nonpunitive approach to safety in health care?

A. Medication errors are viewed as opportunities for learning and improving the system B. One individual is identified as the root cause of an error C. Error reduction strategies focus on human performance D. None of the above