A. In the presence of hyperkalemia, aldosterone stimulates potassium retention B. Potassium excretion occurs through the intestines, and, to a lesser extent, through the kidneys C. Potassium is maintained almost exclusively in the extracellular fluid D. Potassium secretion through the kidneys occurs primarily in the distal nephron E. Unsure

A. Potassium intake significantly increases the risk of developing hyperkalemia in the absence of risk factors B. Potassium supplements typically make up a large portion of potassium intake C. The role of high potassium intake in patients with CKD is currently unknown D. Salt substitutes typically contain negligible amounts of potassium E. Unsure

A. Amiloride directly antagonizes aldosterone receptors B. Propranolol prevents potassium movement from the extracellular to intracellular space C. Spironolactone block the effects of angiotensin II on the adrenal glands D. Losartan increases intestinal absorption of potassium E. Unsure

A. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate B. Patiromer C. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate D. Loop diuretics E. Unsure

A. Patiromer increases the risk of intestinal necrosis, especially when given with sorbitol B. The dose of patiromer should be adjusted in intervals of no less than 1 week C. Patiromer is the only available agent for chronic hyperkalemia available as an oral capsule D. Patiromer inhibits sodium reabsorption early in the kidney, delivering more to the distal nephron E. Unsure

A. 15 g once daily B. 15 g 3 times daily C. 25.2 g once daily D. 25.2 g 3 times daily E. Unsure

A. SZC has a slower onset of action compared to patiromer B. Other drugs should be taken at least 6 hours before or after SZC C. The efficacy of SZC is consistent regardless of baseline renal function D. After discontinuation, normokalemia is maintained for several weeks E. Unsure

A. Chronic kidney disease B. Severe constipation C. Hypomagnesemia D. Edema E. Unsure

A. Use of a loop diuretic increases this patient's risk for hyperkalemia B. Addition of spironolactone to this regimen should be completely avoided C. Beta-blockers should be avoided in patients with CHF at risk for hyperkalemia D. Consideration should be given to switching the ACE inhibitor to valsartan/sacubitril E. Unsure

A. Initiate patiromer at 8.4 g once daily B. Initiate sodium zirconium cyclosilicate at 10 g 3 times daily C. Retry sodium polystyrene sulfonate at a higher dose D. Discontinue the ARB E. Unsure