A. Copperhead bites are usually dry bites B. About 19000 pit viper bites are reported annually C. Pit viper bites are commonly fatal without treatment D. Rattlesnakes, Cottonmouths, and Copperheads are all pit vipers

A. Snake size and age B. Depth of fang penetration C. Differing venom between male and female snakes D. Geographic and seasonal differences in venom composition

A. Somnolence and euphoria at 2 hours post-envenomation B. Nausea and vomiting at 48 hours post-envenomation C. Hypotension and weakness at 1 hour post-envenomation D. Headache and blurred vision at 12 hours post-envenomation

A. Bleeding, bruising, and blistering can occur B. Prophylactic antibiotics are needed to prevent tissue infection C. Rapidly progressive swelling is a risk factor for compartment syndrome D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective for decreasing swelling

A. Discharge to home now B. Monitor for venom effect progression for a minimum of 8 hours, then discharge to home following repeat laboratory evaluation C. Give antivenom now D. Admit to the intensive care unit and give antivenom now

A. Prospective clinical trial data is lacking B. Delayed administration leads to better outcomes C. Antivenom dosing is the same in children and adults D. Only larger children can receive antivenom due to the large volume needed for administration

A. Close observation only since copperhead bites are usually mild B. Give antivenom therapy to minimize fetal harm, including death C. Admit for labor induction due to the risk of spontaneous abortion D. The obstetrician should contact poison control for individualized recommendations

A. Both agents should be infused over 30 minutes B. Dosing of Crotalidae polyvalent immune F(ab')2 is weight-based C. The goal of treatment is to achieve initial control of toxic venom effects D. Pineapple allergy is a contraindication to Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab

A. Crotalidae polyvalent immune F(ab')2 has been associated with less late hematologic toxicity in comparative clinical trials B. About 15% of patients with rattlesnake envenomation experience late hematologic toxicity C. Late hematologic toxicity is managed with aggressive blood product administration D. Late hematologic toxicity usually recurs about 14 days after initial control

A. Recurrent swelling probably means that the wound is infected B. Rapid and complete functional recovery of the affected limb is likely C. Flu-like symptoms or rash/urticaria could be adverse effects of antivenom D. Laboratory parameters only need to be checked if you experience bleeding