A. Decreased production of erythropoietin B. Decreased hepcidin C. Increased degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) D. Inability to store iron

A. Oral iron formulations have the same elemental iron content and bioavailability B. Oral iron formulations differ in their elemental iron content and have a wide bioavailability range C. Oral iron formulations have the same elemental iron content and a narrow bioavailability range D. Oral iron formulations differ in their elemental iron content and have a narrow bioavailability range

A. Blocks the action of the iron exporter, ferroportin-1 B. Inhibits utilization of iron stores C. Reduces iron transport D. Regulates erythropoietin production

A. Absorption is incomplete B. Titration increments are imprecise C. Adherence is a challenge D. ESAs are not effective

A. Achieving target hemoglobin B. Social functioning C. Reduced hospitalizations D. All of the above

A. Inflammation, reduced systemic iron B. Inflammation, reduced iron stores C. Inflammation, increased systemic iron D. Reduced systemic iron, reduced iron stores

A. Both US and KDIGO guidelines recommend the same target hemoglobin B. The KDIGO guidelines recommend not to exceed on-treatment hemoglobin of 11 g/dL C. The US guidelines recommend not to exceed on-treatment hemoglobin of 11 g/dL D. The US guidelines recommend not to exceed on-treatment hemoglobin of 10 g/dL

A. PH degrades HIF B. PH partially activates HIF C. PH fully activates HIF D. PH has no effect under normal oxygen conditions

A. Decrease ferroportin-1 activity on duodenal enterocytes, macrophages and hepatocytes B. Increase production of hepcidin C. Stimulate endogenous erythropoietin production D. Inhibit erythropoietin receptors

A. Roxadustat is non-inferior to epoetin alfa in hemodialysis patients B. Vadadustat does not increase malignancy risk C. Molidustat can be administered once weekly D. Daprodustat causes significant hyperkalemia