1. The best pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter to guide appropriate dosing of factor Xa inhibitors in patients with obesity is:

2. Martha is a 56-year-old woman with diabetes, hypertension, and a body mass index (BMI) of 41.2 kg/m2. She was initiated on apixaban at a US Food and Drug Administration-approved dose. You assess her drug peak/trough levels and note they are below the targeted range. Considering data accumulated AFTER ISTH guidelines, what would be the MOST appropriate next step in her care?

3. Compared with historical controls, all the following DOACs are associated with an increased volume of distribution (Vd) in patients with AF and extreme obesity, EXCEPT:

4. Which of the DOACs should be used with caution in patients with nonvalvular AF and a BMI greater than 40 kg/m2 owing to a higher observed rate of stroke or transient ischemic attack?

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