A. Increased secretion of renin leading to increased secretion of aldosterone B. Stimulation of natriuresis and distal Na⁺ delivery in the nephron C. Upregulation of BK channels in the colon D. Downregulation of epithelial sodium channels in the cortical collecting duct

A. Antagonizes the effect of aldosterone in the nephron B. Directly blocks the epithelial sodium channel in the cortical collecting duct C. Inhibits production and secretion of renin D. Decreases production and secretion of aldosterone

A. Renal hypoperfusion B. Decreased glomerular filtration rate C. Decreased distal Na⁺ delivery in the nephron D. Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism

A. SPS must be coformulated with sorbitol in order to decrease serum K⁺ B. A greater decrease in serum K⁺ was seen with sorbitol alone over SPS with sorbitol C. SPS with sorbitol administered rectally resulted in a greater decrease in serum K⁺ than administration orally D. SPS with sorbitol reverses hyperkalemia within 2 hours

A. SPS with 33% sorbitol administered as an oral solution B. SPS with 70% sorbitol administered as an oral solution C. SPS with 33% sorbitol administered as a retention enema D. SPS with 70% sorbitol administered as a retention enema

A. Patiromer should not be used as emergency therapy for hyperkalemia B. Patiromer causes hypomagesemia and constipation C. Administration of patiromer must be separated by all other oral medications by 3 hours D. Patiromer uses sorbitol as both a cathartic and drug stabilizer

A. Colonic necrosis B. Edema C. Hypomagnesemia D. Hypocalcemia

A. Patiromer does not significantly reduce serum K⁺ compared with SPS with sorbitol B. Patiromer significantly reduces serum K⁺ compared with placebo C. Patiromer leads to significantly more hypokalemia compared with placebo D. Patiromer does not significantly reduce serum aldosterone compared with placebo

A. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate in 33% sorbitol 30 g 1–4 times daily B. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate in 70% sorbitol 15 g 3–4 times daily C. Patiromer 8.4 g once daily with food D. Patiromer 25.2 g once daily with food

A. Increase dose of the potassium binder and continue dual RAASi as the electrocardiogram is normal B. Reduce the dose of spironolactone to 12.5 mg daily and continue ACEI and potassium binder at current doses C. Initiate furosemide 40 mg daily, continue dual RAASi at current doses, and discontinue potassium binder D. Discontinue spironolactone until hyperkalemia resolves and continue ACEI and potassium binder at current doses