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1. Probiotics are

A. Precursors to antibiotics B. Precursors to bacteria C. Byproducts of metabolism of certain dietary supplements D. Live microorganisms that confer a health benefit to the host

2. With regard to probiotics,

A. They are being studied extensively for use to prevent lung cancer B. They are more effective in infants and older adults than in children C. They have been shown to have a significant positive impact on a number of diseases and conditions D. They can prevent the occurrence of influenza

3. Which of the following is not a probiotic microorganism:

A. Lactobacillus paracasei B. Streptococcus aureus C. Bifidobacterium infantis D. Saccharomyces boulardii

4. A product that contains a nondigestible substance that provides a beneficial physiological effect for the host by selectively stimulating the favorable growth or activity of a limited number of indigenous bacteria is a

A. Prebiotic B. Probiotic C. Postbiotic D. Synbiotic

5. Which part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has the most microbiota?

A. Stomach B. Ileum C. Jejunum D. Colon

6. Which statement regarding the human microbiota is FALSE?

A. Microbiota are the microscopic organisms that inhabit a person's body B. Microbiota are part of a complex system that provides immunity in the GI tract C. Probiotics are formulated from naturally occurring organisms in the microbiota D. There are over 1000 microorganisms in the human GI microbiota

7. Probiotics exert their effects by

A. Replacing the body's normal microbiota B. Interacting with the intestinal epithelial cells C. Competing with cytokines for binding sites D. Coating the intestinal mucosa

8. Probiotic effects are

A. Strain specific B. Genus specific C. Yeast specific D. Bacteria specific

9. Regarding probiotic safety,

A. It is well established through a large body of randomized clinical trials B. They have been used safely for hundreds of years C. Problems have been primarily uncovered through case reports involving immunocompromised patients D. Some strains appear safer than others in randomized clinical trials

10. Probiotics should not be used by

A. Pregnant women B. Lactating women C. The elderly D. Immunocompromised patients

11. Side effects associated with probiotics may include which of the following:

A. Bleeding B. Diarrhea C. Flatulence D. Constipation

12. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A. Are both chronic GI conditions that are self-limiting B. Create a substantial disease burden in the United States C. May be cured through surgery D. Are preventable with the use of probiotics

13. With regard to probiotic treatment for IBS,

A. Studies are generally hampered by small size and short duration, as well as differences across probiotic strains, doses, and outcomes measurements B. The most effective probiotic treatment appears to be a combination of Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG C. Saccharomyces boulardii has proven to be most effective for IBS-related flatulence D. VSL#3 has been effective in reducing global signs of IBS

14. Which statement regarding the use of probiotics for ulcerative colitis (UC) is FALSE?

A. A systematic review concluded probiotics were not effective in inducing remission B. More recent studies with combinations of probiotics have shown significant success in inducing remission C. They should not be used in treating UC in children or older adults D. They exhibit efficacy that is similar to that of anti-inflammatory medications

15. Disappointing clinical trial results regarding the effectiveness and safety of probiotic treatments have been observed during therapy for which of the following conditions:

A. Pouchitis B. IBS C. Helicobacter pylori infection D. Crohn's disease

16. Pouchitis

A. Is a complication following UC surgery in about 75% of patients B. Has been shown to be affected positively by treatment with the probiotic VSL#3 C. Requires combination treatment with synbiotic and anti-inflammatory medication D. May be associated with increased levels of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria

17. In the United States, probiotics are regulated as which of the following:

A. Dietary supplements B. Foods C. Medicinal Foods D. All of the above

18. Factors to consider when helping patients choose a probiotic include all of the following, EXCEPT:

A. The intended use of the product B. The probiotic strain and concentration C. The probiotic claim with the highest number of CFUs D. Results from clinical trials and the medical literature

19. Factors that can affect the viability of a probiotic product include which of the following:

A. The food vector it is formulated in B. Storage temperature C. Time since it was manufactured D. All of the above

20. Which statement regarding the use of probiotics for the treatment of common GI conditions is TRUE?

A. VSL#3 has been shown to be most effective for treating pouchitis B. S Boulardii has been shown to be most effecting for treating H pylori C. Side effects continue with long-term administration D. The safety has not been well-established