A. They are present throughout the disease course. B. They are recognized as pre-motor indicators of PD. C. They primarily appear primarily in late-stage PD. D. Some can occur in more than 80% of all patients.

A. The primary target of therapy is attenuating dopaminergic activity. B. The goal of treatment is to optimize symptom reduction; patients will become tolerant of adverse events over time. C. Pharmacologic treatment options are limited and should be used sparingly to treat patients with early stage disease. D. Dosing strategies are consistent across treatment options: start low and go slow.

A. Nonadherence is more of a problem in older compared to younger PD patients. B. Nonadherence is high at the start of PD disease management, and it only gets worse with time. C. Poor insurance coverage of medications is the biggest cause of nonadherence. D. Poor adherence is directly proportional to the degree of on-off fluctuations with levodopa.

A. Monotherapy with amantadine B. Monotherapy with anticholinergics C. Monotherapy with COMT inhibitors D. Monotherapy with MAO-B inhibitors

A. Levodopa is often reserved for later use in younger patients to delay the onset of motor fluctuations. B. The efficacy of levodopa is perceived to wane with time. C. Dopamine agonists are as effective as monotherapy but offer less symptomatic benefit than levodopa. D. Dopamine agonists can be added to address any of the motor fluctuations associated with levodopa (end-of-dose wearing off, on-off phenomena, and peak-dose dyskinesias).

A. Switch to a COMT inhibitor B. Add an anticholinergic C. Change the dosing schedule to QID with a smaller dose before bedtime D. Supplement with extra carbidopa tablets

A. Ask about any adverse events or nonmotor symptoms he may experiencing B. Suggest changing the dosing to BID C. Ask if he has a caregiver you can speak to D. Contact social services