A. Affecting antigen presentation to T cells B. Competitively blocking demyelination processes C. Inhibiting myelin-specific T cells from crossing the blood-brain barrier D. Promoting the production of antiautoimmune antibodies

A. In head-to-head studies of these agents, the percentage of patients who were relapse-free ranged from 30% to 50%. B. In head-to-head studies of these agents, annualized relapse rates ranged from 1 to 1.5. C. There was no difference in efficacy between the higher-dose subcutaneous interferons and the lower-dose intramuscular interferon. D. High-dose subcutaneous interferon formulations and glatiramer acetate have comparable efficacy.

A. Patients with untreated MS relapse approximately every 6 months, however, patients who treat their MS relapse about every 2 to 5 years. B. Cognitive dysfunction is common in patients with MS, and perhaps she should be evaluated by a psychologist. C. While she may feel worse, her β-INF is stopping the disease activity in her nervous system. D. The MS therapy will work to relieve her depression only if she takes it.

A. Risk for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) can be determined by the titer of anti-JC virus antibody. B. The Treatment Outcomes Unacceptable for Clinical Health (TOUCH) program is designed for patients taking dimethyl fumarate who are at increased risk for PML. C. Anti-JC virus antibody status does not need to be checked in those who are seronegative at drug initiation. D. The REMS for fingolimod is designed to notify healthcare providers about the risk of bradyarrhythmia and atrioventricular block at treatment initiation, infections, macular edema, respiratory effects, hepatic effects, and fetal risk.

A. While MS disease-modifying treatments are expensive, MS is not one of the 4 conditions accounting for most of the double-digit increase in specialty drug expenditures in the United States. B. Specialty pharmacy programs for patients with MS do not show continued annual cost savings when the program is extended beyond 1 year. C. MS clinical management programs have shown greater adherence and decreases in relapse rates. D. MS clinical management programs improve quality of life and work productivity and result in higher employment rates and annual incomes of patients with MS.

A. Glatiramer acetate B. Natalizumab C. Interferon (INF) β-1a D. IFN?-1b