1. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is caused by which of the following?

2. JW is a 47-year-old man who was diagnosed with MS 8 years ago. He began treatment with interferon β-1b 1 year after diagnosis and remained on this treatment for 5 years. After 2 relapses, he switched to natalizumab, which he has been taking continually for the last 2 years. He also has a history of immunosuppressant use for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A recent blood test showed that he is negative for anti-JC virus antibodies. Evidence from natalizumab-treated patients suggests that the risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in this patient is approximately:

3. Which of the following agents is associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with MS?

4. Which of the following best characterizes treatment guidelines for switching a patient's MS therapies?

5. JN is a 28-year-old woman who was diagnosed with MS 4 years ago. She went untreated for 2 years before beginning treatment with glatiramer acetate 20 mg subcutaneously once a day. However, she is currently considering switching to an oral medication because she does not like self-injections. After discussing her options with her physician, she elects to change to oral fingolimod therapy. Which of the following would be of particular concern for this patient?

6. When considering a medication switch for a female patient, the potential for pregnancy would be of particular concern in patients being treated with which of the following therapies?

7. Which of the following is a monoclonal antibody that binds to a portion of the interleukin-2 receptor?

8. Which of the following investigational agents for the treatment of patients with MS is orally available?

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