A. Amphotericin B is preferred for patients with mild illness but recent echinocandin exposure B. Amphotericin B is preferred for patients with no azole exposure C. Patients who are clinically unstable can be transitioned to fluconazole after 24 hours of therapy D. Echinocandins are preferred as initial therapy for patients with previous azole exposure or who are severely ill

A. Patients should receive intravenous (IV) therapy for the entire duration of antifungal therapy B. IV catheters should be removed whenever possible C. The duration of therapy for candidemia in patients whose symptoms have resolved and who have no metastatic complications is 2 weeks after documented Candida clearance from the blood D. All patients with Candida should have a ophthalmological exam

A. Of commonly isolated Candida species, resistance to fluconazole is most common for Candida glabrata B. Of commonly isolated Candida species, resistance to fluconazole is most common for Candida albicans C. Resistance to echinocandins, while less common than for azoles, is increasing D. Risk factors for echinocandin resistance include prior echinocandin therapy

A. Are usually reported as positive within 2 hours after obtaining a blood culture so empiric therapy can be initiated on the same day B. Are not usually reported as positive until 7 to 10 days after obtaining a blood culture, making the selection of empiric therapy difficult C. Are usually reported as positive within about 2.5 days after obtaining a blood culture; however, speciation and antifungal susceptibility testing generally require an additional 2 to 3 days D. Are not usually reported as positive

A. Rarely necessary unless toxicity is observed B. May be necessary in patients receiving voriconazole therapy because of its variable metabolism C. Required for patients undergoing treatment with fluconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin because the efficacy of these agents correlates with peak levels D. Is only necessary for patients receiving fluconazole therapy for central nervous system infections

A. Should always be treated with fluconazole because it is cheap (generic) and has a good safety profile B. Are associated with a low mortality rate, unless the patient is immunocompromised; thus, antifungal therapy is generally not necessary C. Are most often caused by Candida krusei D. Are associated with poor outcomes when initiation of antifungal therapy is delayed

A. Must be administered with a high-fat meal or a nutritional supplement B. Requires less frequent dosing C. Has lower bioavailability when coadministered with medications that raise the gastric pH, such as antacids D. At recommended dosages, has a lower bioavailability than the suspension formulation

A. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing of urine for Candida B. Detection of galactomannan, an antigen released from Candida spores C. A test for 1,3-β,D-glucan that can be detected in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens D. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry—time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), Peptide Nucleic Acid in Situ Hybridization (PNA-FISH), PCR, galactomannan, and T2 Magnetic Resonance Assays

A. A patient with invasive candidiasis and endophthalmitis B. A patient who previously received fluconazole who is hemodynamically unstable C. A patient with invasive candidiasis and candiduria D. A patient with meningeal candidiasis

A. Voriconazole is currently the agent of choice for the primary treatment of Aspergillus B. Should always be treated with a combination of antifungal agents C. Is generally treated with fluconazole D. Has low mortality, therefore, is usually not treated except in severely ill patients